多孔硅纳米材料的制备及在高能锂电池中的应用

多孔硅纳米材料具有巨大的比表面积,可调控的物理化学性质,在药物治疗、传感、能源储存与转化等领域拥有巨大的应用前景。尤其在高能量密度锂离子电池领域,多孔硅由于其丰富的孔道结构能有效释放充放电过程中硅体积变化带来的巨大应力以及大大地缩短锂离子传输距离,而引起了人们的广泛研究兴趣。但是,开发简便快速的方法来合成结构可调变的多孔硅纳米材料仍是当前研究的挑战。近年来,一些用来合成多孔硅纳米材料的方法已有报道。我们基于本课题组最近的研究进展和近年来相关文献,比较详细综述了近年来多孔硅纳米材料的制备方法以及重点关注其在高能锂电池领域的应用。最后,对多孔硅纳米材料的未来发展方向做了进一步的展望。     

氮掺杂HTi2NbO7纳米片的制备及其可见光催化性能

首先,采用高温固相法制备层状前驱体CsTi_2NbO_7,再通过与硝酸进行质子交换形成层状HTi_2NbO_7;其次,在四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH)中剥离层状HTi_2NbO_7以获得HTi_2NbO_7纳米片;然后与尿素混合并高温焙烧;最后成功地得到了氮掺杂的HTi_2NbO_7纳米片光催化剂。使用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-Vis DRS)以及N_2吸附-脱附测试等方式对所制备样品的晶体结构、形貌、比表面积、孔分布和光吸收能力等进行详细的表征。研究表明,氮掺杂后减小了HTi_2NbO_7的禁带宽度,从而使光响应范围扩展到可见光区域;掺杂的氮原子主要位于Ti_2NbO_7-薄片的间隙位置,并与氢离子化学键合;与N掺杂的层状HTi_2NbO_7相比,N掺杂的HTi_2NbO_7纳米片具有更大的比表面积和更丰富的介孔结构,这是由于钛铌酸纳米片相对松散且不规则的排列。因此,在降解罗丹明B(RhB)溶液时,N掺杂的HTi_2NbO_7纳米片比N掺杂的层状HTi_2NbO_7具有更加优异的可见光催化活性。     

简便的两步直接固相反应法制备N、Se共掺杂碳限域的NiSe纳米晶及其储钠性能

通过简便的两步直接固相反应,即在室温下的固相自组装反应制备Ni席夫碱配合物前驱体,然后通过高温固相热解碳化和硒化反应,原位制备了N,Se共掺杂碳限域的NiSe纳米晶复合物。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和热重分析(TGA)等表征技术分别对其物相、形貌结构、组分和含量等进行分析,并通过循环伏安、恒电流充放电和电化学阻抗谱等方法测试其电化学储钠性能。研究结果表明,复合物中NiSe粒子的平均尺寸为100 nm,被均匀限域在N,Se共掺杂的碳基体中;得益于该结构的优势,复合物作为钠离子电池负极材料时,在0.1 A·g~(-1)的电流密度下充放电循环100次后仍保持291 mAh·g~(-1)的可逆充电比容量,保持了首圈充电比容量的88%。同时,在5 A·g~(-1)的电流密度下,可逆充电比容量为197 mAh·g~(-1)。     

Characterization and release behaviors of porous PCL/Eudragit RS microcapsules containing tulobuterol

In this work, porous poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)/Eudragit RS 100 (ERS-100) microcapsules containing tulobuterol base as a model drug were prepared by a solvent evaporation method and the effect of the quaternary ammonium groups of ERS-100 on the release behaviors of the microcapsules was investigated. The microcapsules prepared with PCL alone showed a stable and smooth surface, whereas porous microcapsules were formed with the addition of ERS-100. Drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of the microcapsules were slightly decreased with an increase of ERS-100 content, resulting from an increase in the porosity of the microcapsules. In an acidic release medium, PCL microcapsules showed slow drug release, whereas PCL/ERS-100 microcapsules showed a faster release rate with an increasing ERS-100 content. These behaviors are likely due to an increase in the diffusion rate of the drugs stemming from an increased hydration of the microcapsules, which results from the interaction between the carboxyl group of the release medium and the quaternary ammonium group of ERS-100.     

Influence of aramid fiber moisture regain during atmospheric plasma treatment on aging of treatment effects on surface wettability and bonding strength to epoxy

One of the main differences between a low-pressure plasma treatment and an atmospheric pressure plasma treatment is that in atmosphere, the substrate material may absorb significant amount of water which may potentially influence the plasma treatment effects. This paper investigates how the moisture absorbed by aramid fibers during the atmospheric pressure plasma treatment influences the aging behavior of the modified surfaces. Kevlar 49 fibers with different moisture regains (MR) (0.5, 3.5 and 5.5%, respectively) are treated with atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) with helium as the carrier gas and oxygen as the treatment gas. Surface wettability and chemical compositions, and interfacial shear strengths (IFSS) to epoxy for the aramid fibers in all groups are determined using water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and micro-bond pull out tests, respectively. Immediately after the plasma treatment, the treated fibers have substantially lower water contact angles, higher surface oxygen and nitrogen contents, and larger IFSS to epoxy than those of the control group. At the end of 30 day aging period, the fibers treated with 5.5% moisture regain had a lower water contact angle and more polar groups on the fiber surface, leading to 75% improvement of IFSS over the control fibers, while those for the 0.5 and 3.5% moisture regain groups were only 30%.     

Molybdenum dichalcogenide nanotube arrays for hydrogen-evolution-reaction catalysis: Synergistic effects of sulfur and selenium in a core-shell tube wall

The present work shows the growth and conversion of self-organized anodic Mo-oxide nanotube arrays to core-shell structures consisting of a conducting molybdenum sub-oxide core and a shell of Mo-Se/S – this structure is then investigated for electrochemical hydrogen evolution catalysis. To form the core-shell tubes, we first anneal MoO₃ nanotube arrays under vacuum conditions, to induce reduction to MoO₂. Subsequently these oxide tubes are thermally sulfurized and selenized resulting in dichalcogenide@sub-oxide structures. Under optimized conditions, the mixed dichalcogenide (selenized and sulfurized) tube walls on the conductive oxide core lead to a synergistic beneficial effect for the electrocatalytic H₂ generation from H₂SO₄ solution.     

A Hydroxyl-bridged Dinuclear Copper Complex Having Planar Structure Shows Efficient DNA Cleavage Activity in Aqueous Solution

A new dinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu(DPA)OH]₂?2ClO₄(Cu₂-DPA₂, DPA = di(pyridin-2-yl)amine), was synthesized and structurally characterized. The complex crystallized in a triclinic P-1 space group, taking on a slightly distorted tetragonal geometry. Both Cu(II) in Cu₂-DPA₂ are bridged by two hydroxyl groups with a distance of 2.938 Å. The whole molecule is nearly co-planar with the exception of the bridging hydroxyl groups. Complex Cu₂-DPA₂ can cleave efficiently supercoiled pBR322 DNA into its nicked and linearized forms at micromolar concentrations in the presence of ascorbate near physiological conditions. The presence of standard radical scavengers does not have any apparent effect on the cleavage efficiency, suggesting that Cu(II) bound oxygen intermediates rather than freely diffusible hydroxyl radicals may act as the active species in the DNA scission. Comparison of the cleavage reactivity of Cu₂-DPA₂ with that of mononuclear analogue Cu-DPA and trinuclear Cu₃-L demonstrates that the synergistic effect between Cu(II) centers in Cu₂-DPA₂ is crucial for the DNA cleavage.     

Dehydration of Castor Oil over NaHSO4/MCM‐41 Catalyst Modified by n‐Dodecyltriethoxysilane

n‐Dodecyltriethoxysilane (DTEOS) modified NaHSO₄/MCM‐41 catalysts (silanized catalysts) were synthesized by different impregnation sequences and evaluated in the liquid‐phase dehydration of castor oil. The samples were evaluated by X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption‐desorption, SEM, TEM, FT‐IR spectroscopy, XPS, ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, NH₃‐TPD, and pyridine‐FT‐IR spectroscopy. The analyses demonstrated that silanization enhanced the hydrophobicity of the catalysts, and the impregnation sequence of silanized catalysts had a significant effect on the NaHSO₄ dispersion, surface area, acid distribution, and hydrophobicity of the silanized catalysts. The catalytic activity of the silanized catalysts was much higher than that of NaHSO₄/MCM‐41. Among the silanized catalysts, the catalyst prepared by simultaneous impregnation with DTEOS and NaHSO₄ showed the highest iodine value of 141.8 [g(I₂) per 100 g] and lowest hydroxyl value of 11.3 [mg(KOH) · g^–1].